Pepperdine University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Pepperdine University is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 36%. Located in Malibu, California, Pepperdines 830-acre campus overlooks the Pacific Ocean. The university is affiliated with Churches of Christ, although students come from a wide range of religious backgrounds. Pepperdine is made up of five different schools with the majority of undergraduate programs housed in the Seaver College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences. Business Administration is by far the most popular undergraduate major, followed by programs in communications and media. In athletics, the Pepperdine Waves compete in the NCAA Division I  West Coast Conference. Considering applying to Pepperdine University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Pepperdine University had an acceptance rate of 36%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 36 were admitted, making Pepperdines admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 11,265 Percent Admitted 36% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 20% SAT Scores and Requirements Pepperdine requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 68% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 610 690 Math 610 730 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Pepperdines admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Pepperdine scored between 610 and 690, while 25% scored below 610 and 25% scored above 690. On the math section, 50% of admitted student scored between 610 and 730, while 25% scored below 610 and 25% scored above 730. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1420 or greater will have particularly competitive chances at Pepperdine University. Requirements Pepperdine does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Pepperdine participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Pepperdine University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 47% of admitted student submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 26 34 Math 26 30 Composite 26 32 This admissions data tells us that most of Pepperdines admitted students fall within the top 18% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Pepperdine received a composite ACT score between 26 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 26. Requirements Note that Pepperdine does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Pepperdine does not require the ACT writing sction. GPA In 2018, the middle 50% of Pepperdine Universitys incoming class had high school GPAs between 3.62 and 3.95. 25% had a GPA above 3.95, and 25% had a GPA below 3.62. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Pepperdine have primarily B/B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Pepperdine University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Pepperdine University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Pepperdine University has a competitive admissions process with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Pepperdine has a  holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. Strong application essays and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a  rigorous course schedule. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside of Pepperdines average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of successful applicants had high school grades in the A range, combined SAT scores of 1200 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 25 or better. The higher those grades and test scores, the better your chances are of receiving an acceptance letter from Pepperdine. Note that there are quite a few red dots (rejected students) and yellow dots (waitlisted students) mixed in with the green and blue in the middle of the graph. Many students with grades and test scores that were on target for Pepperdine University did not get in. On the flip side, note that some students were accepted with test scores and grades a little bit below the norm. This is because Pepperdines admissions process is both qualitative and quantitative. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Pepperdine Universitys Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Free College Should Not Be Banned Essay - 1433 Words

Throughout the twenty-first century many people have come to a concern that the cost of going into a university or a college has become very expensive and would want their government to provide free college tuitions much like the governments in Norway, Sweden, Germany and many other counties in Europe. Furthermore, with the increase in concern of the topic many people have wondered why doesn’t the United States or most importantly, all counties provide free college tuition and that is because in order to provide free college there has to be a change in the economic structure. In additionally with the addition of free college there will be more students dropping out of school due to the lack of education due to the fact that colleges aren’t getting paid by the people but with the taxes that limits the amount of money provided to the college. Free college will bring disaster in many ways from the fluctuation in the economy to the limited amount of resources that colleges have which would cause problems in students’ education in the states therefore free college should not be given freely. First, with Burnie sanders and Hilary Clintons’ notion towards free college, Eric Maskin, a Harvard economist disagrees and states to Planet money (Chicago Public Media) that This proposal is too indiscriminate . . . Many students can afford to pay a considerable amount toward their higher education. It is wasteful to give them a free ride(6). Meaning that for most students, they can payShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Gun Free1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Second Amendment says that a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. History has shown that it is necessary to keep this Amendment. There are now places where this right is infringed upon. 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Italian Art History Essay Example For Students

Italian Art History Essay Since Prehistoric times, humankind has aspired to create drawings that represent emotion and an acute point of view of the world around them. The commencement of art began on cave walls which still remain today in Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain. Eventually the urge to draw and create art evolved from cave walls to paintings on paper and elaborate sculptures of marble. Each period of art shows the development and the growth of artistic styles and techniques and results in the characteristics that make that era recognizable and important. Before the days of ancient Romes greatness, and Italy, as it is recognized today, the great European country was home of a nation called Etruria. The Etruscans and there civilization prospered between 950 and 300 BCE. in northwestern Italy, between the Arno River and the Tiber River which runs through Rome. The Etruscans developed wealth and power as a nation and then disappeared leaving hardly any documentation and very little evidence of there existence or there downfall. A major factor in discovering any information about there language and culture has been the inscriptions on their monuments, buildings, vast tombs, and the objects they left behind, notably bronze and terra cotta sculptures and polychrome ceramics. Although it has not yet been determined where the Etruscans came from it appears that the bronze sculptures left behind are similar in style to the bronze statues that the Greek are legendary for. Many art historians believe that the similarities in their sculptures and materials prove that Etruscans descended to Italy from Greece. Another form of art from Etruria is seen in the form of clay urns. Cremation and the burial of ashes in clay urns was a common practice before the arrival of the Etruscan era, however the Etruscans had huge ceremonies for the dead and decorated their cinerary urns which was somewhat uncommon before this time period. The urns that were left behind help to tell us many of the cultural traits the Etruria nation embraced. The Artistic and Architectural achievements of the Etruscans have helped scholars to gain a lot of information about the people of Etruria and their history. Another early period in Italian art history is the Roman period. The Roman period, as we know it, begins after the Punic Wars and the subsequent invasion of the Greek cities of the Mediterranean. The Hellenistic styles then current in Greek civilization were adopted. The Romans accepted Greek architecture, as did the Etruscans, but they created their own styles by adding certain aspects, and advancing their tools. The Romans created new types of structures, such as public baths and amphitheaters. Up until the late first century BC gladiatorial combats were held in the Forum, the Circus Maximus, and at other sites. When the games were held in the Forum, temporary wooden stands were put up. In 53 BC the idea emerged to build a theater with permanent seats, thus the concept of an amphitheater was born. The first permanent stone amphitheater in Rome was built by Statilius Taurus in 29 BC. The Romans were able to build larger and more complicated structures than the Greeks with their invention of the arch and the aqueduct. The arch eliminated the need for columns to support heavy roofs. Using arches, the Romans could build huge buildings, long bridges, and long aqueducts that carried water to Roman cities. The Romans also invented concrete, a strong and cheap building material for buildings, arches, walls and vaults. Roman painting and sculpture was influenced strongly by the Greeks. Greek art portrayed lifelike, though idealized, human subjects. Roman sculptures created works that reflected the subjects individual personality. Another concept borrowed from the Greeks was the artistic portrayal of mythological figures, for example Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome are depicted in hundreds of pictures and tapestries from this time period. Another popular mythological figure many artists portrayed was Hercules, created either out of bronze or marble material, which were both materials that Greece is recognized for using. .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 , .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .postImageUrl , .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 , .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:hover , .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:visited , .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:active { border:0!important; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:active , .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650 .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u35b0d7c3dbc5437430980c3766da5650:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art EssayIn the thirteenth century a new period emerged for Italy, this era was known as the Gothic period. Art during this period was characterised by the styles and attitudes influenced by the Dominican and Franciscan order of monks, founded by Saint Dominic (1170 to 1221) and Saint Francis of Assisi (1181 to 1226). Franciscans are remembered for Saint Francis and his positive influence and compassion. The Dominicans are recognized for the beginning of the Inquisition and the persicuation of eledged heretics. The Gothic period began much of the religious affiliations with art, sculptures, as well as, literature. Gothic architecture began during the twelve century in northern Europe and was known as the french style, it then spread southward to Italy. The term gothic was first used to insult the particular style during the Reformation era. Gothic architecture is most commonly seen in cathedrals and other churches in Europe. The earliest monument of the Italian Gothic style is the great church at Assisi. The Franciscan monastery and the lower and upper church of St Francis were started immediately after his canonization in 1228, and completed in 1253. The lower church contains frescos by Cimabue and Giotto di Bondone. In the Upper church frescos express scenes in the life of St Francis by Giotto and his circle. In order to paint a Fresco the wall or ceiling must be dampened and coated with lime plaster, also referred to as arriccio. Then the painting can be brushed on in red earth pigment, sinopia. Overall a fresco is done in small sections called giorante, which is italian for a days work, it is a very difficult and very time consuming project. Two of arguably the most influential artists of the gothic period were Cenni di Petro (Giovanni) Cimabue 1240-1302 and Giotto di Bondone 1267-1337. They were the first painters who began the idea of an artist creating an individual style, rather than imitating the traditional styles and techniques. They began to take an interest in improving the depiction of realistic features on their subjects. When the Gothic period came to an end it opened the gates to a new era, the Renaissance, meaning rebirth. The Renaissance consists of three parts, the Early Renaissance, the High Renaissance and the Late Renaissance. The Renaissance lasted from the thirteen hundreds until the sixteen hundreds, and is the most recognizable period in Italian art history. In the Gothic and previous periods the artistic styles where just variations on exisisting techniques and borrowed ideas from Greek and other civilizations, however, in the Renaissance increased awareness of classical knowledge created a new resolve to learn by observation and the study of the natural world. Consequently, secular themes became increasingly important to artists. (Rowlands 15) The leading members of the Early Renaissance were Donatello in sculpture, Filippo Brunelleschi in architecture, and Masaccio in painting. One thing they all had in common was their belief in the theoretical foundations of art and the understanding that advancement and growth were essential to the life and significance of art. A major concept in the Early Renaissance was that classical art was a record of successful and failed attempts at capturing the essence of art. Artists of the Early Renaissance wanted to capture the natural world around them using their own observations as subject matter, the challenge of accurate representation brought better proportions, perspective, and most importantly created better usage of light and dark contrasts into the artistic community. Rational inquiry was believed to be the key to success, during the fourteenth century laws of proportion were formed to accuratley display the features of the human body, and to systematize the use of pictorial space. Another basic idea which originated in the Early Reniassance was the concept of idealism, while the artists of this era did focuse on nature and observation, they made an effort to go beyond straightforward transcription of nature, to instill the work of art with ideal, intangible qualities, endowing it with a beauty and significance greater and more permanent than that actually found in nature. .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f , .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .postImageUrl , .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f , .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:hover , .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:visited , .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:active { border:0!important; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:active , .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f4b6cc1b32c9193690ec072a892879f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Auden's Museum of Fine Art EssayThis characteristic remains as a fundamental of art throughout the Italian Reaissance and particularly today. The High Renaissance sought after the theory of unity, there was no main focal point, this brought balance to the pieces. The High Renaissance is considered the peak of art during the Renaissance, although it did not last more than thirty years. The High Renaissance produced some of the most famous artists such as, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. (Rowlands 18) After the High Renaissance Italian Renaissance art began its downfall, this period was referred to as the Late Renaissance. One major factor to the slow decline of Renaissance art was the sack of Rome in 1527. The sack of Rome was part of the War of the League of Cognac, the war was between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire. Pope Clement VII believed that the Holy Roman Empire had Imperial Domination over the papacy. Overall the sack of Rome resulted in more than 45,500 dead, wounded, or captured. This tragedy caused many artists to look for inspiration, and schools of art in locations other than Italy. Anticlassical themes began to emerge during the Late Renaissance period which lead to Mannerism. Mannerism was an aesthetic movement that valued highly refined grace and elegancethe beautiful maniera, or style, from which Mannerism takes its name . Mannerist artists found the need to out do the brilliant and historical work of their predecessors; the result was overdone development that appeared to anxious and overwhelming.

Snow Country-Wasted Effort free essay sample

In the novel, Snow Country by Washburn Sabbath, the theme of wasted effort threads its way through the text in different variations. The main character, Samurai uses multiple instances to label actions as wasted effort. Usually after describing someones intentions or actions, Samurai trails off into personal thoughts and removes himself from the physical world and creates his own reality. Samurai is apathetic towards people who complete tasks without any purpose, but subconsciously tries to beautify their wasted efforts. Ironically, Samurais relationships grow more intimate with every wasted effort. The term wasted effort appears early in the novel. Oakum confesses to Samurai that she writes down every author and character relationship from every book she has read. Samurai feels that Oakums actions are a complete waste of effort and Oakum agrees. The following quote sets the tone, a complete waste of effort. She answered brightly, as though the admission meant little to her. We will write a custom essay sample on Snow CountryWasted Effort or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She gazed solemnly at Samurai, however, (Sabbath 41). Oakum understands that her efforts are wasted but shows no particular care. She writes for herself, not for an assignment of any sort. In essence, her efforts are not wasted at all. She has a personal gain from her wasted efforts. Her wasted efforts make her into the person Samurai has grown to love. The following quote gives the reader information about Samurai and Oakums relationship, But drawn to her at that moment, he felt like the voice of rain flow over. He knew well enough that for her it was in face no waste of effort, but somehow, the final determination that it was had the effect of distilling and purifying the womens existence, (Sabbath 41). The very wasted effort that Samurai felt no feeling toward, caused him to love Oakum. He beautified her wasted efforts and allowed her to regain innocence. Snow Country is a love story. Therefore, it is appropriate that the author threads the wasted effort theme into the intimate relationships. Oakum is a geisha and uses the earnings for Yogis doctors bills. Oakum does this because of promise and love. Samurai questions whether her efforts are wasted. Samurais thoughts are displayed in the following quote, For Oakum to guard her promise to the end, even to sell herself to pay doctors bulls”what was it if not wasted effort? (Sabbath 61). Samurai finds Oakums wasted efforts honorable. He knows that in the reality of things, no matter how much money is paid for treatment, the likelihood of recovery is slim. In Samurais distant non-reality her efforts are those of a hero. He wears a fade and shows little to no emotion towards Oakums wasted time, energy and efforts but they warm him inside. His love for her only grows and develops furthermore at this point in the novel. Towards the end of the story, Samurais feelings toward wasted effort grow from apathy to pity. Samurai is dreaded by his affair. He now realizes that it was pointless and a wasted effort. Oakum was going to return to her life as a geisha and he would return to his life as a husband. The quote lets the reader into his thoughts, He was conscious of an emptiness that made him see Oakums life as beautiful but wasted, even though himself the object of her love, and yet the womens existence himself, (Sabbath 128). Samurais dream reality has finally disappeared. The reader can infer that not only did he beautify wasted efforts in his mind but he had come to the snow country to escape. Oakum had filled his emptiness and the void that forced him into a beautiful reality, and replaced with pity.

Before 1865 Essays - British East India Company,

Before 1865 Brooke Massa Massa 1 American Civilization to 1865 October 18, 1999 Nationalism first emerged as the Colonists became more and more Democratic. Some argue that Democracy had always existed in the colonies, but didn't begin to emerge until around the beginning of ?The Enlightenment?. I believe that Nationalism was present during the Revolutionary Era, but then faded again, adding fuel to the fire during the Civil War. Colonists exhibited all the aspects of Nationalism. They had a shared sense of cultural identity, a goal of political self determination, and the overwhelming majority shared a loyalty to a single national state. Colonists were thousands of miles from the king, the parliament, and Great Britain, this led to a new way of life. While many aspects of colonial society were taken directly from that of England society, they also formed new beliefs and customs as they saw fit. The Enlightenment ?Helped produce a growing interest in education and a heightened concern with politics and government.? (Brinkley pg. 85) With this rise of intellectual curiosity also came the rise of literacy and technology within the colonies. The literacy rates rose and more and more people had readily avaliable texts. The invention of the printing press led to an influx of printed material, much of which delt with politics. Books, pamphlets, and almanacs all were used in expressing the political ideas of many of our great early politicians. ?One reason the Stamp Act created such a furor in the colonies was because printing technology-and thus print itself-had by then become central to colonial life. Massa 2 The colonies, like any nation, wanted to be self-sufficient, but due to the fixed amount of wealth, this was impossible unless they obtained an outside source of income. Mercantilism was a essential part of colonial society, the demand for imported goods was great. England passed the Navigation Acts to limit the Colonies trade with outside sources. The Sugar Act, which again prohibited trade, especially that of sugar, between the colonies, and the French and Spanish Claims in the West Indies. With all the restrictions placed upon them, it was only natural that the colonists would break these restrictions. Britain passed a series of Acts which included: the Hat Act, the Currency Act, the Iron Act, and the Stamp Acts. When colonists heard of these acts, they began to stir. At first the colonies thought that there was little or nothing to be done. Then in 1765, the Virginia House of Burgesses added fuel to the fire. Patrick Henry stated that it was ridiculous for the colonists to pay taxed to a government that they had no representation in. This and other resoulutions were printed and deemed the ?Virginia Resolves?. At the same time in Massachusetts, James Otis was calling for an intercolonial congress. After the end of the French and Indian War, there were 4 problems which in turn directly led to the rise of Nationalism and the Revolution: 1. In 1765 the British acquire a great deal of land in the U.S. through the Treaty of Paris. 2. The end of the war led Great Britain to reinforce the Navigation Acts. 3. The war removed the 1 basic bond that was still remaining between the U.K. and the U.S., that which was defending the colonies agains the French. 4. The French and Indian War led to a 130 million pound British Debt. This staggering war debt was another reason that England passed the Stamp Acts. These events helped to strengthen the colonists sense of cultural identity and help the rise towards Nationalism. Massa 3 With all the restrictions placed upon them, it was only natural that the concept of political self-determination arose. Colonists felt that they must ban together to rise against the British. The trade situation was a determing factor in the rise of colonial political systems. Britian realized that the colonies were beginning to ?think on their own? and a series of British government institutions began in the U.S. There were Vice Admiralty Courts, the Board of Trade and Plantations, and many economic and trade regulations. All colonies had Royal Governors and colonial officials. In October of 1765, the Stamp Act Congress met and drafted a petition to England stating that colonists could only be taxed from their own provincial governments, and not from Britian. The protests worked, because Britain soon overturned the Stamp Act. The colonies were apparently ?calm? until the 1770's when England again passed restrictive acts, this time the Intolerable Acts.

Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca

Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca Francisco Pizarro (ca. 1475–June 26, 1541) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. With a small force of Spaniards, he was able to capture Atahualpa, emperor of the mighty Inca Empire, in 1532. Eventually, he led his men to victory over the Inca, collecting mind-boggling quantities of gold and silver along the way. Fast Facts: Francisco Pizarro Known For: Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca EmpireBorn: ca. 1471–1478 in Trujillo, Extremadura, SpainParents: Gonzalo Pizarro Rodrà ­guez de Aguilar and Francisca Gonzalez, a maid in the Pizarro householdDied: June 26, 1541 in Lima, PeruSpouse(s): Inà ©s Huaylas Yupanqui (Quispe Sisa).Children: Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui, Gonzalo Pizarro Yupanqui Early Life Francisco Pizarro was born between 1471 and 1478 as one of several illegitimate children of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodrà ­guez de Aguilar, a nobleman in Extremadura province, Spain. Gonzalo had fought with distinction in wars in Italy; Franciscos mother was Francisca Gonzalez, a maid in the Pizarro household. As a young man, Francisco lived with his mother and siblings and tended animals in the fields. As a bastard, Pizarro could expect little in the way of inheritance and decided to become a soldier. It is likely that he followed in his fathers footsteps to the battlefields of Italy for a time before hearing of the riches of the Americas. He first went to the New World in 1502 as part of a colonization expedition led by Nicols de Ovando. San Sebastin de Uraba and the Darià ©n In 1508, Pizarro joined the Alonso de Hojeda expedition to the mainland. They fought the natives and created a settlement called San Sebastin de Urab. Beset by angry natives and low on supplies, Hojeda set out for Santo Domingo in early 1510 for reinforcements and supplies. When Hojeda did not return after 50 days, Pizarro set out with the surviving settlers to return to Santo Domingo. Along the way, they joined an expedition to settle the Darià ©n region: Pizarro served as second in command to Vasco Nuà ±ez de Balboa. First South American Expeditions In Panama, Pizarro established a partnership with fellow conquistador Diego de Almagro. News of Hernn Cortà ©s audacious (and lucrative) conquest of the Aztec Empire fueled the burning desire for gold among all of the Spanish in the New World, including Pizarro and Almagro. They made two expeditions from 1524 to 1526 along the western coast of South America: harsh conditions and native attacks drove them back both times. On the second trip, they visited the mainland and the Inca city of Tumbes, where they saw llamas and local chieftains with silver and gold. These men told of a great ruler in the mountains, and Pizarro became more convinced than ever that there was another rich Empire like the Aztecs to be looted. Third Expedition Pizarro personally went to Spain to make his case to the king that he should be allowed a third chance. King Charles, impressed with this eloquent veteran, agreed and awarded Pizarro the governorship of lands he acquired. Pizarro brought his four brothers back with him to Panama: Gonzalo, Hernando, Juan Pizarro, and Francisco Martà ­n de Alcntara. In 1530, Pizarro and Almagro returned to the western shores of South America. On his third expedition, Pizarro had about 160 men and 37 horses. They landed on what is now the coast of Ecuador near Guayaquil. By 1532 they made it back to Tumbes: it was in ruins, having been destroyed in the Inca Civil War. The Inca Civil War While Pizarro was in Spain, Huayna Capac, Emperor of the Inca, had died, possibly of smallpox. Two of Huayna Capacs sons began fighting over the Empire: Huscar, the elder of the two, controlled the capital of Cuzco. Atahualpa, the younger brother, controlled the northern city of Quito, but more importantly had the support of three major Inca Generals: Quisquis, Rumià ±ahui, and Chalcuchima. A bloody civil war raged across the Empire as Huscar and Atahualpas supporters fought. Sometime in mid-1532, General Quisquis routed Huscars forces outside of Cuzco and took Huscar prisoner. The war was over, but the Inca Empire was in ruins just as a far greater threat approached: Pizarro and his soldiers. Capture of Atahualpa In November 1532, Pizarro and his men headed inland, where another extremely lucky break was awaiting them. The nearest Inca city of any size to the conquistadors was Cajamarca, and Emperor Atahualpa happened to be there. Atahualpa was savoring his victory over Huscar: his brother was being brought to Cajamarca in chains. The Spanish arrived in Cajamarca unopposed: Atahualpa did not consider them a threat. On November 16, 1532, Atahualpa agreed to meet with the Spanish. The Spanish treacherously attacked the Inca, capturing Atahualpa and murdering thousands of his soldiers and followers. Pizarro and Atahualpa soon made a deal: Atahualpa would go free if he could pay a ransom. The Inca selected a large hut in Cajamarca and offered to fill it half full with golden objects, and then fill the room twice with silver objects. The Spanish quickly agreed. Soon the treasures of the Inca Empire began flooding into Cajamarca. The people were restless, but none of Atahualpas generals dared attack the intruders. Hearing rumors that the Inca generals were planning an attack, the Spanish executed Atahualpa on July 26, 1533. After Atahualpa Pizarro appointed a puppet Inca, Tupac Huallpa, and marched on Cuzco, the heart of the Empire. They fought four battles along the way, defeating the native warriors every time. Cuzco itself did not put up a fight: Atahualpa had recently been an enemy, so many of the people there viewed the Spanish as liberators. Tupac Huallpa sickened and died: he was replaced by Manco Inca, a half-brother to Atahualpa and Huscar. The city of Quito was conquered by Pizarro agent Sebastin de Benalczar in 1534 and, apart from isolated areas of resistance, Peru belonged to the Pizarro brothers. Pizarros partnership with Diego de Almagro had been strained for some time. When Pizarro had gone to Spain in 1528 to secure royal charters for their expedition, he had acquired for himself the governorship of all lands conquered and a royal title: Almagro only got a title and the governorship of the small town of Tumbez. Almagro was furious and nearly refused to participate in their third joint expedition: only the promise of the governorship of as-yet undiscovered lands made him come around. Almagro never quite shook the suspicion (probably correct) that the Pizarro brothers were trying to cheat him out of his fair share of the loot. In 1535, after the Inca Empire was conquered, the crown ruled that the northern half belonged to Pizarro and the southern half to Almagro: however, vague wording allowed both conquistadors to argue that the rich city of Cuzco belonged to them. Factions loyal to both men nearly came to blows: Pizarro and Almagro met and decided that Almagro would lead an expedition to the south (into present-day Chile). It was hoped that he would find great wealth there and drop his claim to Peru. Inca Revolts Between 1535 and 1537 the Pizarro brothers had their hands full. Manco Inca, the puppet ruler, escaped and went into open rebellion, raising a massive army and laying siege to Cuzco. Francisco Pizarro was in the newly founded city of Lima most of the time, trying to send reinforcements to his brothers and fellow conquistadors in Cuzco and organizing shipments of wealth to Spain (he was always conscientious about setting aside the royal fifth, a 20% tax collected by the crown on all treasure collected). In Lima, Pizarro had to fend off a ferocious attack led by Inca General Quizo Yupanqui in August of 1536. The First Almagrist Civil War Cuzco, under siege by Manco Inca in early 1537, was rescued by the return of Diego de Almagro from Peru with what was left of his expedition. He lifted the siege and drove off Manco, only to take the city for himself, capturing Gonzalo and Hernando Pizarro in the process. In Chile, the Almagro expedition had found only harsh conditions and ferocious natives: he had come back to claim his share of Peru. Almagro had the support of many Spaniards, primarily those who had come to Peru too late to share in the spoils: they hoped that if the Pizarros were overthrown that Almagro would reward them with lands and gold. Gonzalo Pizarro escaped, and Hernando was released by Almagro as part of the peace negotiations. With his brothers behind him, Francisco decided to do away with his old partner once and for all. He sent Hernando into the highlands with an army of conquistadors, and they met Almagro and his supporters on April 26, 1538, at the Battle of Salinas. Hernando was victorious, while Diego de Almagro was captured, tried, and executed on July 8, 1538. Almagros execution was shocking to the Spaniards in Peru, as he had been raised to nobleman status by the king some years before. Death For the next three years, Francisco mainly remained in Lima, administrating his empire. Although Diego de Almagro had been defeated, there was still much resentment among late-coming conquistadors against the Pizarro brothers and the original conquistadors, who had left slim pickings after the fall of the Inca Empire. These men rallied around Diego de Almagro the younger, son of Diego de Almagro and a woman from Panama. On June 26, 1541, supporters of the younger Diego de Almagro, led by Juan de Herrada, entered Francisco Pizarros home in Lima and assassinated him and his half-brother Francisco Martà ­n de Alcntara. The old conquistador put up a good fight, taking down one of his attackers with him. With Pizarro dead, the Almagrists seized Lima and held it for almost a year before an alliance of Pizarrists (led by Gonzalo Pizarro) and royalists put it down. The Almagrists were defeated at the Battle of Chupas on September 16, 1542: Diego de Almagro the younger was captured and executed shortly after that. Legacy The cruelty and violence of the conquest of Peru is undeniable- it was essentially outright theft, mayhem, murder, and rape on a massive scale- but it is hard not to respect the sheer nerve of Francisco Pizarro. With only 160 men and a handful of horses, he brought down one of the largest civilizations in the world. His brazen capture of Atahualpa and decision to back the Cuzco faction in the simmering Inca civil war gave the Spaniards enough time to gain a foothold in Peru that they would never lose. By the time Manco Inca realized that the Spanish would not settle for anything less than the complete usurpation of his empire, it was too late. As far as the conquistadors go, Francisco Pizarro was not the worst of the lot (which isnt necessarily saying much). Other conquistadors, such as Pedro de Alvarado and his brother Gonzalo Pizarro, were much crueler in their dealings with the native population. Francisco could be cruel and violent, but in general, his acts of violence served some purpose, and he tended to think his actions through much more than others did. He realized that wantonly murdering the native population was not a sound plan in the long run, so he did not practice it. Francisco Pizarro married Inà ©s Huaylas Yupanqui, the daughter of the Inca emperor Huayna Capa, and she had two children: Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui (1534–1598) and Gonzalo Pizarro Yupanqui (1535–1546). Pizarro, like Hernn Cortà ©s in Mexico, is honored sort of halfheartedly in Peru. There is a statue of him in Lima and some streets and businesses are named after him, but most Peruvians are ambivalent about him at best. They all know who he was and what he did, but most present-day Peruvians do not find him much worthy of admiration. Sources Burkholder, Mark and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. Fourth Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca. London: Pan Books, 2004 (original 1970).Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962Patterson, Thomas C. The Inca Empire: The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State. New York: Berg Publishers, 1991.Varon Gabai, Rafael. Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers: The Illusion of Power in Sixteenth-Century Peru. trans. Flores Espinosa, Javier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

Biometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biometrics - Essay Example In the present contemporary era of computer science, a different role is being played by the biometrics applications. A particular class of identification technologies has been referred by the high technology sector of the biometrics. In specific, an individual’s identity is determined by the utilization of different technologies that refer to the individual biological traits. In this regard, fingerprints, retina, facial recognition, iris patterns, etc. are some of the major examples of the biological traits that are considered in the field of biometrics. Technical ability of the humans in terms of cataloguing and tracking the biological traits is considered during the selection of individual traits in the contemporary biometric applications. It is observed that a number of biological traits are easy to acquire; however, some are difficult to obtain, which has resulted in the creation of a number of complexities in the field of biometrics. In this regard, a number of experts are endeavoring for the improvement of biometric technology for the advancement of security of life measurements that can provide and ensure foolproof security in different organizations. Today, more reliability has been shown by the fingerprint readers that are available in different markets at very low cost. On the other hand, retina scanners are very costly, and therefore, it will take years to replace the less-accurate fingerprint scanners in different parts of the globe. Nowadays, digital and computer security is confronting immense demand, which has been ca used by the security breaches in different organizations around the world. In this regard, a number of studies are being carried out to ensure effective security, which is now one of the major concerns of the present technological globe. (Thieme, pp. 25-28) In the dominion of computer security, physiological and individual human characteristics are